What is a Voltage Protector?

A voltage protector is an electrical device that shields a power system or appliance from the damaging effects of voltage fluctuations, including over and under-voltage.

Energy sources, especially the grid, are prone to disruptions. These come in the form of voltage levels that are either too high or too low. Such variations can harm sensitive circuits and electrical appliances.

A voltage protection device connects to the supply in series and monitors the voltage; if it goes too high or too low, it shuts down the energy flow. It then restores power later when the voltage returns to normal.

What is a Surge Protector?

A surge protector is a device that can absorb sudden and short-lived voltage spikes. It specifically guards a power system or appliance against damage by redirecting the resulting current to the ground.

A surge is a sudden increase in voltage that occurs momentarily, within a millionth of a second, but which can cause severe damage to power systems and connected loads.

Various occurrences cause transient pulses, including lightning strikes and load shedding, or when heavy-duty loads switch on or shut off.

A surge suppressor or protector short-circuits the excess energy to ground, using components whose resistance is high in standard voltage and low in a spike or higher voltage pulse.

Voltage Protector vs. Surge Protector

With both serving as power protection devices, how are surge and voltage protecting devices different? This section compares them on these fronts: design, function, working, rating, and specific uses or applications.

Design

A surge protector for a power system protection is roughly the size of conventional electrical panel protection devices, with terminals on the upper and lower side for the various wire connections.

The scaled-down version (for appliance protection) is where design variations begin to show. The types of surge protection devices in this class range from plug-in protectors to insert into outlets to power strips and standalone gadgets.

The voltage protector has limited design variations. It’s typically a compact device the size of the usual service or distribution panel devices, with a digital screen and button adjustments on the front to set voltage levels.

Function

A voltage regulator protects delicate circuits from voltage levels that are too high or too low. It constantly monitors the voltage and shuts the supply if it detects a change. That way, the device prevents power fluctuations from causing damage instantly or over time.

The primary purpose of surge protectors is just that: surge protection. It shields your power system or electrical appliances from excessive voltages caused by lightning bolts and other causes of grid disturbance.

Working

Voltage protection devices use a combination of electronic components to safeguard electrical equipment and systems. They cut off power if they detect a variation in the amount of voltage. Surge current protectors do not cut off supply. Instead, they direct the excess energy to the ground.

Some types of surge protectors may use metal oxide varistors, or MOVs in short, to safeguard circuits or discharge tubes. Others use breakdown diodes. Most surge protection devices in use today are MOV-based. Here is how they work:

• When the voltage is as expected, the MOV resistance is high.
• The current then flows in the required circuits to power loads.
• In a sudden overvoltage, the MOV becomes a conductor.
• The excessive current now momentarily flows through the MOV to the ground.
• When the voltage returns to normal, the MOV becomes a resistor again.
• The gas-discharge tube and diode types work similarly.

Rating

Both voltage and surge protection devices are widely rated, depending on their specified uses. However, the surge protection type generally has a higher rating than a voltage protector.

Transient surges can be much higher than the standard grid voltage, sometimes up to several thousand volts. Surge protection equipment must be able to withstand that.

On the other hand, an under or overvoltage protector is built to handle fluctuations and is typically rated lower. That said, it’s good to note that ratings vary widely across each protector.

Application

Surge diverters are commonly installed in the service entry point to protect the entire power system. You may also place them in the subpanels to protect branch circuits or the upstream of an electrical appliance.

Voltage protectors are typically system and appliance protection devices. They safeguard sensitive electrical and electronic products such as TVs, computers, refrigerators, etc. 

Voltage Protector or Surge Protector: When to Use

Knowing when and where to use either device can be confusing, given their similar purposes in an energy system. Now that we have seen their differences, here’s more about the application of each piece of electrical equipment.

When Do You Need a Voltage Protector?

A voltage protector is used in homes to protect electronics and electrical appliances. In offices and commercial buildings, they shield various gadgets against voltage fluctuations.

Use them if your region experiences frequent grid disturbances that can see the voltage go up or down to unsafe levels. You also need these if your area is prone to surges caused by thunderstorms or other sources.

When Do You Need a Surge Protector?

Surge protectors are mainly used to offer entire line protection. They conduct transient surges to the ground and withstand high voltages and currents.

Use these if your place is susceptible to lightning strikes or the grid outages are common and other disruptions. If you live near a large manufacturing plant, you need one, as power surges will likely be regular.

Conclusion

Surge and voltage protectors both shield your power system components, including appliances, from getting damaged by grid disturbances. But while that is so, the two devices differ in several ways. When using either product, ensure you understand these variations, including the specific applications in a power system.

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How Does a Battery Energy Storage System Work?

A battery storage system uses electrochemical devices to store electrical energy. It captures energy in a reversible chemical reaction (charging) and releases it when needed (discharging).

The released energy powers an external circuit or electrical piece of equipment, such as the electrical loads of a home, commercial building, or the grid network of a utility company.

You can use various energy sources to charge battery storage. These include the grid and renewable sources like solar and wind. Renewable energy systems require storage batteries more since their power generation is intermittent.

Battery Energy Storage System Components

As we have seen, the operation of a battery storage system, from the charging process to when it discharges to release stored energy, relies on the operation of various components. These include the following:

• Battery cells
• Battery management system
• Power conversion system
• Energy management system
• Thermal management system
• Safety system
• Switchgear and protective devices
• Enclosure
• Communication system

Battery Cells

These refer to the individual units that make up the battery. When combined and enclosed in a frame, several cells make a module. Depending on the required capacity, several modules are joined in stacks to form a rack.

Storage battery cells can be of different types, depending on the chemical compounds in the electrolyte and the types of electrodes used. Popular options are lithium ion and lead acid-based storage systems. Others are sodium-sulfur and flow batteries.

Battery Management System

The energy storage battery management system, BMS, consists of electronics monitoring the battery’s real-time health. It checks the battery’s current, voltage, and other operating parameters such as temperature and charge condition.

The function of the BMS system is to protect the battery cells from damage. It ensures the storage doesn’t overcharge or undercharge, for instance. It also prevents the batteries from overheating by balancing their operation and keeping them within safe levels.

Power Conversion System

Battery storage systems release energy in the form of DC or direct current. In a majority of applications, the load is AC-operated. That requires a conversion system, also shortened to PCS.

The power conversion device changes DC power to AC or alternating current. AC is a more usable type of electrical current when powering electrical appliances or stabilizing the grid output The PCS primarily consists of a device called an inverter.

The typical energy storage system inverter uses a combination of electrical and electronic devices to ensure a smooth transformation of the energy. It also connects to various other parts of the BESS system.

Energy Management System

Controlling energy flow into and out of the storage battery is essential to ensure efficient system utilization. This control requires an energy management system, or EMS in short.

The EMS regulates the inverter’s working as it converts DC to AC, optimizing its performance and the entire system. In other words, these components of a battery energy storage system ensure the whole system works as it should to produce electrical power as needed.

Thermal Management System

With current flowing in its circuits, an energy storage system will undoubtedly heat up. If the heating were to go unchecked, temperatures could reach dangerous levels. The battery’s lifespan would also shorten.

The heat management system cools your storage system, ensuring it operates within a safe temperature range. It comprises fans and other cooling devices or methods, such as liquid cooling and vents.

The type of battery energy storage thermal management system in use depends on the installation size, energy capacity, and other factors such as battery type.

Safety System

Sometimes, the BMS and EMS systems cannot contain the elevated temperature levels. In such situations, a fire suppression system comes in to prevent the flames from propagating.

The fire suppression system may rely on various technologies to know when to come on. Standard options are smoke detectors, heat sensors, and specialized gas detectors.

In some installations, safety measures include housing the storage in a secure room or enclosure and mounting CCTV cameras. These ensure the system’s safe operation and that unauthorized persons do not tamper with its working.

Switchgear and Protective Devices

Any electrical installation must have switchgear and electrical protection devices. The storage system is no exception. These battery energy-storage system components include circuit breakers, switches, and similar equipment.

Protective devices shield the system from electrical faults, and various kinds of switchgear ensure safe connections and disconnections. These BESS components are also helpful when isolating the storage from the grid when needed.

Some switchgear components are manual, while some are automated. Automatic switching devices remove electrical faults to protect the system, while manually operated devices allow maintenance and repair work.

Racks and Enclosure

A battery storage system is primarily a set of batteries connected. These are then placed on racks to secure them after installation. The batteries are large-sized and housed in large enclosures in an industrial battery energy storage system.

Battery enclosures in large installations typically have cooling systems. That’s because such storages generate heat, which, if uncontrolled, could reach catastrophic levels.

Communication System

Various battery energy-storage system (BESS) components, such as the inverter, BMS, or EMS, must communicate to exchange critical information.

The entire BESS might also need to communicate with external systems and equipment like meters and the central control system.

In addition to ensuring the smooth operation of the installation, the communication system allows you to control the entire system or parts and execute various functions such as start/stop, schedule tasks, and carry out diagnostics.

Various components facilitate this information exchange. They include various circuits, monitoring and control software and algorithms, and wireless equipment.

Conclusion

These battery energy-storage components ensure everything operates safely, optimally, and within pre-set levels. More importantly, they protect your storage system, extending its lifespan. As we’ve seen, the components include application-specific algorithms, electronic circuits, and electrical or electronic equipment.

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What is a Battery Energy Storage System?

A battery energy storage system, BESS, is any setup that allows you to capture electrical energy, store it in a battery or batteries, and release it later when you need it. Its size ranges from small units for home use to large BESS setups for industrial power needs.

The heart of a BESS is an electrochemical device made up of battery cells or modules. This device gets power from a renewable source such as solar and wind—or even from the grid—and stores it in chemical form.

Over the years, scientists have developed various battery technologies to preserve electrical energy. These differ in many ways, including the type of chemical compounds used, cost, lifespan, environmental impact, etc.

Types of Battery Energy Storage Systems

A few types of energy storage batteries are available, grouped by their storage chemistries. These are lithium-ion, lead acid, nickel cadmium, sodium-sulfur, and flow batteries.

Lithium Ion Battery Storage System

As its name implies, the lithium-ion battery uses lithium salts for the electrolyte. The cathode electrode is a lithium compound, while the anode is typically graphite.

Cathode options vary from lithium iron phosphate and lithium cobalt oxide to lithium manganese oxide—the manganese oxide-based type offers better characteristics and finds preferred use in specialized applications.

Although a more expensive option, the LI-ion is one of the most used BESS types, with diverse uses ranging from homes to commercial and industrial sectors.

Advantages

• Light in weight
• Smaller than other types of storage batteries
• High efficiency (up to 95%)
• Charges quickly
• High energy capacity
• High depth of discharge that can be up to 90% of total capacity
• Lasts a long time (5-30 years, depending on the cathode type)

Applications

• Used in renewable energy storage systems
• Electric vehicles (EVs)
• Various consumer electronics (mobile phones, laptops, etc.)
• Portable power tools     

Lead Acid Battery Storage System

These BESS systems use batteries consisting of lead electrodes and sulfuric acid (H2SO4) as the electrolyte. The typical lead acid-based BESS lasts between 5 and 10 years but requires regular maintenance over its lifetime.

Lead acid storage batteries are also less efficient than the Li-ion types (about 85%) and have a low DOD of around 50%. They also need periodic charging when not in use for extended periods to maintain them.

On the upside, these storage batteries provide several benefits, including being cost-effective and producing higher currents without damage.

Advantages

• Cost-effective
• Safe and reliable
• Can provide high short-lived currents
• Offers a broad range of operating temperatures

Applications

• Solar storage systems
• For car and other vehicle starters
• Uninterruptible power supply units (UPS)

Nickel Cadmium Battery Storage System

Nickel-cadmium battery storage has a nickel oxide anode with a nickel hydroxide separator. The cathode is cadmium metal, and the electrolyte is potassium hydroxide, an alkaline.

It’s good to note that, apart from the cadmium type, a nickel-based storage battery can be a hydride type. The nickel hydride battery uses a hydride (an alloy that can absorb hydrogen) for the negative electrode in place of cadmium.

The hydride type of the nickel-based types of storage batteries offer better properties, which include higher energy density and environmental friendliness

Advantages

• Can withstand a range of temperature levels
• High reliability
• Charges quickly
• High DOD, or depth of discharge
• Long lifespan

Applications

• Renewable energy systems
• Emergency or backup lighting systems
• Portable power tools and other devices

Sodium-Sulfur Battery Storage System

These battery storage systems use molten sodium for the cathode and liquid sulfur for the anode or negative electrode. The electrolyte is sodium alumina, which must melt to allow ions to move between the electrodes.

Because it uses liquid materials, this battery operates at higher temperatures above 300 degrees Celsius and includes heaters to liquefy the solid electrolyte.

The energy density of sodium-sulfur BESS systems is comparable to that of Li-ion batteries, except they have a shorter lifespan and require high heat levels to liquefy the solid sodium electrolyte.

Advantages

• High energy density
• High-efficiency level of up to 90%
• A high DOD (80%)
• Uses low-cost materials
• A long lifespan of up to 10 years

Applications

• As backup power systems for data centers and similar applications
• In renewable energy installations
• In the power distribution systems to stabilize power output

Flow Battery Storage System

Two tanks contain the electrolyte in a flow battery storage system, with an ion exchange membrane separating them to facilitate the reaction that stores energy.

During charging, the current oxidizes the chemical compounds in one container and reduces those of the other. The reactions convert the charging current into stored chemical energy.

Various technologies are available for flow BESS types based on the chemicals used for the electrolyte. It can be a vanadium or zinc-bromine ion solution. The battery can also be an iron-chromium type.

Advantages

• Long service life of around 20 years (about 10,000 charging cycles)
• Safer than other BESS types (uses non-flammable and non-toxic materials)
• A relatively high efficiency level (around 80%)
• High energy storage capacity
• Short charging time
• Highly scalable by increasing the electrolyte

Applications

• Backup or emergency storage systems
• Grid power stabilization
• Renewable energy systems
• In electric vehicles

Conclusion

In the present world, where renewable power is the norm, storage batteries are becoming increasingly critical. Today, you can choose from various battery storage systems based on lithium-ion and lead-acid to sodium-sulfur and flow batteries. As this guide has outlined, each of these BESS types has its benefits, and your choice will depend on the needs of your project.

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​To combat this ​issue, engineers ​have developed various ​methods and ​technologies, and one ​of the ​most advanced solutions ​is the ​Active Harmonic Filter.

​In this ​blog post, we’ll ​dive into ​the fascinating world ​of active ​harmonic filters, exploring ​their working ​principles, advantages, applications, ​and how ​they differ from ​passive harmonic ​filters.

What ​is an ​Active Harmonic Filter?

​Before we ​delve into the ​intricacies, let’s ​define what an ​active harmonic ​filter is. In ​simple terms, ​an active harmonic ​filter is ​a device designed ​to mitigate ​harmonic distortions in ​an electrical ​system.

These distortions, ​caused by ​nonlinear loads such ​as variable ​frequency drives, computers, ​and LED ​lighting, can lead ​to voltage ​fluctuations, increased losses, ​and overheating ​of equipment.

Active ​harmonic filters ​are the superheroes ​of the ​power quality world, ​swooping in ​to save the ​day by ​detecting and neutralising ​these harmonics ​in real time.

Active Harmonic ​Filter Working Principle

​Active harmonic ​filters are controlled ​by a ​closed-loop, real-time system ​that keeps ​an eye on ​the electrical ​grid constantly. This ​is how ​they wield their ​power:

1. ​Current and Voltage ​Measurement: The ​active harmonic filter ​first measures ​the current and ​voltage at ​the point of ​connection to ​the grid. This ​data is ​critical for determining ​the harmonic ​content and power ​factor of ​the load.

2. ​Harmonic Detection: ​The filter analyses ​the data ​to identify the ​specific harmonic ​frequencies present in ​the system. ​This is crucial ​because different ​harmonics require different ​corrective actions.

​3. Generation of ​Counteractive Harmonics: ​Once the harmonics ​are identified, ​the active harmonic ​filter generates ​counteractive harmonic currents, ​precisely out ​of phase with ​the offending ​harmonics. These counteractive ​currents effectively ​cancel out the ​unwanted distortions, ​restoring the waveform ​to its ​ideal sinusoidal shape.

​4. Real-Time ​Correction: This process ​is continuous, ​adjusting to changing ​loads and ​harmonics in real time. ​The active ​harmonic filter acts ​as a ​smart guardian, adapting ​to the ​evolving needs of ​the electrical ​system.

5. Improved ​Power Factor: ​Apart from harmonics, ​active harmonic ​filters also help ​in improving ​the power factor, ​ensuring efficient ​use of electrical ​energy and ​reducing penalties imposed ​by utilities ​for low power ​factor.

​Active Harmonic Filter Advantages

Active ​harmonic filters offer ​a plethora ​of advantages that ​make them ​a preferred choice ​in many ​applications:

1. Precise ​Harmonic Mitigation: ​Being based on ​a closed-loop ​control mechanism, active ​harmonic filters ​are extremely precise ​in removing ​harmonics. This precision ​ensures that ​the power quality ​remains consistently ​high.

2. Real-Time ​Correction: Active ​harmonic filters are ​more effective ​and efficient than ​passive filters ​because they can ​rapidly adjust ​to changes in ​the electrical ​network.

3. Improved ​Power Factor: ​These filters help ​improve power ​factor, which reduces ​the strain ​on the power ​distribution system, ​leading to energy ​savings and ​lower utility bills.

​4. Reduced ​Equipment Stress: By ​eliminating harmonics ​and voltage distortions, ​active harmonic ​filters extend the ​lifespan of ​sensitive equipment, reducing ​maintenance costs.

​5. Cost Savings: ​Although active ​harmonic filters come ​with a ​higher initial cost, ​the long-term ​benefits, including reduced ​downtime, energy ​savings, and equipment ​longevity, make ​them a cost-effective ​solution.

6. ​Compliance: They help ​facilities comply ​with international power ​quality standards ​and regulations, ensuring ​a consistent ​and reliable power ​supply.

Application of Active Harmonic Filters

​Active harmonic filters ​find a ​wide range of ​applications across ​various industries where ​power quality ​is critical. Some ​common applications ​include

1. Industrial ​Facilities: Manufacturing ​plants, especially those ​with variable ​speed drives and ​other nonlinear ​loads, benefit significantly ​from active ​harmonic filters. They ​ensure the ​reliability of machinery, ​reduce maintenance ​costs, and improve ​overall system ​efficiency.

2. Data ​Centres: Data ​centres rely on ​an uninterrupted ​power supply. Active ​harmonic filters ​play a crucial ​role in ​maintaining power quality, ​reducing the ​risk of data ​loss, and ​ensuring the longevity ​of IT ​equipment.

3. Commercial ​Buildings: In ​office complexes, retail ​spaces, and ​hospitals, active harmonic ​filters help ​maintain a stable ​power supply, ​ensuring that HVAC ​systems, elevators, ​and sensitive medical ​equipment operate ​smoothly.

4. Renewable ​Energy Installations: ​Wind and solar ​farms can ​generate harmonics due ​to the ​variability of their ​power output. ​Active harmonic filters ​are used ​to ensure the ​clean injection ​of power into ​the grid, ​preventing disturbances and ​ensuring grid ​stability.

5. Wastewater ​Treatment Plants: ​In these facilities, ​pumps, blowers, ​and various process ​equipment introduce ​harmonics. Active harmonic ​filters help ​in maintaining efficient ​operation and ​reducing energy consumption.

What is the Difference​ Between Active and Passive Harmonic Filters?

To ​appreciate the role ​of active ​harmonic filters fully, ​it’s essential ​to understand how ​they differ ​from passive harmonic ​filters:

1. ​Real-time vs. Static: ​Active filters ​continuously monitor and ​adapt to ​the electrical system’s ​changing needs ​in real-time, whereas ​passive filters, ​such as shunt ​capacitors or ​inductors, provide a ​fixed level ​of correction.

2. ​Flexibility: Able ​to reduce a ​broad spectrum ​of harmonic frequencies, ​active filters ​are incredibly adaptable. ​On the ​other hand, passive ​filters might ​not work in ​every circumstance ​because they are ​intended for ​particular harmonic frequencies.

​3. Dimensions ​and Weight: In ​comparison to ​their passive counterparts, ​active filters ​are typically smaller ​and lighter. ​They are therefore ​more useful ​in scenarios when ​there is ​a shortage of ​space.

4. ​Initial Cost vs. ​Long-Term Benefits: ​In general, active ​harmonic filters ​are more expensive ​initially than ​passive filters. But ​in many ​cases, the long-term ​advantages—such as ​energy savings and ​equipment protection—outweigh ​the upfront costs.

​5. Maintenance: ​While active filters ​require regular ​inspections and upgrades ​to guarantee ​optimal operation, passive ​filters do ​not require continuous ​maintenance.

6. ​Overload Handling: Active ​filters can ​handle temporary overloads ​better due ​to their real-time ​control, making ​them more robust ​in dynamic ​electrical environments.

Conclusion

When ​it comes to ​power quality, ​active harmonic filters ​are revolutionary. ​Their adaptable, real-time ​method of ​reducing harmonics and ​raising power ​factors makes them ​an essential ​tool for a ​variety of ​sectors.

The long-term ​advantages, such ​as less downtime, ​energy savings, ​and longer equipment ​life, make ​them a wise ​investment even ​though they could ​have a ​greater initial cost.

​Active harmonic ​filters work as ​dependable protectors ​in a world ​where electrical ​systems are growing ​more intricate, ​guaranteeing that the ​power we ​depend on is ​clean, steady, ​and effective.

With ​their applications ​spanning from industrial ​facilities to ​data centres and ​renewable energy ​installations, the importance ​of active ​harmonic filters in ​our modern ​world cannot be ​overstated.

As ​we continue to ​demand more ​from our electrical ​systems, these ​devices will play ​an even ​more significant role ​in shaping ​the future of ​power quality ​and energy efficiency.

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The existence ​of harmonics ​is one of ​the problems ​that electrical systems ​frequently encounter. ​These harmonics can ​cause several ​problems, such as ​higher energy ​expenses, equipment damage, ​and decreased ​power system efficiency. ​

Many technologies ​and solutions have ​been developed ​to address these ​problems, and ​the Static Var ​Generator (SVG) ​is one of ​the major ​players in this ​industry.

​Static Var Generator ​Working Principle

​To appreciate SVG’s ​importance, one ​has to understand ​how it ​functions. An electrical ​system’s harmonic ​distortion is reduced ​and power ​factors are managed ​by a ​static variable rate ​generator. One ​key component of ​the efficiency ​of an electrical ​system is ​the power factor, ​which is ​a measurement of ​how well ​electrical power is ​turned into ​worthwhile labour output.

 ​Power Factor ​Correction

Before we ​discuss ​static var generator working principles, let’s ​take a ​brief look at ​the power ​factor. Power factor ​correction is ​the process of ​raising an ​electrical system’s power ​factor. An ​ideal efficiency of ​1 is ​shown by a ​power factor ​of 0 on ​a standard ​scale. A power ​factor of ​1 means that ​all the ​power supplied to ​the system ​is being used ​effectively, while ​a power factor ​less than ​1 indicates inefficiency ​due to ​factors like inductive ​or capacitive ​loads.

In many ​industrial and ​commercial applications, loads ​like motors, ​transformers, and fluorescent ​lighting can ​create inductive loads ​that lead ​to a lagging ​power factor ​(typically below 1). ​A lagging ​power factor results ​in reactive ​power, which doesn’t ​contribute to ​useful work but ​still needs ​to be supplied ​by the ​utility. This not ​only leads ​to increased energy ​costs but ​also reduces the ​overall efficiency ​of the electrical ​system.

Mitigating ​Harmonic Distortion

Harmonic ​distortion refers ​to the presence ​of unwanted ​harmonic frequencies in ​the electrical ​system. These harmonics ​are usually ​integer multiples of ​the fundamental ​frequency (e.g., 60 ​Hz in ​the United States). ​Harmonic distortion ​is primarily caused ​by non-linear ​loads such as ​variable speed ​drives, rectifiers, and ​switched-mode power ​supplies. When harmonics ​are present, ​they can lead ​to a ​range of problems, ​including voltage ​distortion, increased equipment ​heat, and ​reduced equipment lifespan.

​Now, let’s ​explore how SVG ​works to ​address these issues.

​SVG as ​a Power Factor ​Correction Device

​Static var generators are primarily ​used for ​power factor correction. ​They are ​designed to manage ​the flow ​of reactive power ​in electrical ​systems, ensuring that ​it’s supplied ​or absorbed as ​needed to ​maintain a near-unity ​power factor. ​This means that ​SVGs can ​help reduce the ​burden of ​supplying reactive power ​and improve ​the overall efficiency ​of the ​system.

The key ​component of ​an SVG is ​its power ​electronic converter, which ​can either ​generate or absorb ​reactive power ​as required. When ​the system ​has a lagging ​power factor, ​indicating an excess ​of reactive ​power, the SVG ​absorbs this ​excess, reducing the ​lagging power ​factor towards unity. ​Conversely, when ​the system has ​a leading ​power factor, indicating ​a shortage ​of reactive power, ​the SVG ​can generate reactive ​power to ​balance the system ​and maintain ​a power factor ​close to ​1.

 SVG as ​a Harmonic ​Filter

Static var generators can ​also serve ​as harmonic filters. ​In this ​capacity, they actively ​mitigate harmonic ​distortion in the ​system. The ​power electronic converter ​in the ​SVG can inject ​compensating current ​into the system ​to neutralise ​the harmonic currents ​created by ​non-linear loads.

To ​achieve this, ​the SVG continually ​monitors the ​system’s harmonic content ​and produces ​compensating current of ​the same ​amplitude but opposite ​phase to ​cancel out the ​harmonics. This ​dynamic adjustment helps ​maintain a ​clean sinusoidal voltage ​waveform and ​ensures that sensitive ​equipment is ​protected from the ​adverse effects ​of harmonics.

Active Harmonic ​Filter Benefits

The ​use of ​active harmonic filters, ​of which ​SVGs are a ​prime example, ​offers several notable ​benefits to ​electrical systems and ​the facilities ​they serve.

 Improved ​Power Quality

​The most apparent ​benefit of ​active harmonic filters ​is the ​enhancement of power ​quality. By ​actively mitigating harmonics ​and correcting ​power factors, these ​filters ensure ​that the electrical ​supply is ​stable and clean. ​This results ​in a significant ​reduction in ​voltage distortion, minimising ​the risk ​of equipment malfunctions ​and improving ​the overall performance ​of sensitive ​devices.

Energy Efficiency

​Active harmonic ​filters can help ​improve energy ​efficiency in several ​ways. By ​reducing the need ​for reactive ​power from the ​utility, they ​reduce energy losses. ​Additionally, they ​enable equipment to ​operate more ​efficiently by maintaining ​a close-to-unity ​power factor. This ​translates into ​lower energy bills ​and a ​reduced environmental footprint.

 ​Equipment Protection

​The presence of ​harmonics can ​be detrimental to ​electrical equipment. ​It can lead ​to overheating, ​reduced equipment lifespan, ​and, in ​some cases, catastrophic ​failure. Active ​harmonic filters play ​a crucial ​role in protecting ​equipment from ​these harmful effects, ​ensuring that ​the facility’s assets ​remain in ​good working condition.

​Compliance with ​Standards

Many countries ​and regions ​have stringent regulations ​and standards ​in place to ​ensure power ​quality. Active harmonic ​filters help ​facilities meet these ​requirements by ​effectively controlling power ​factor and ​harmonic distortion. Compliance ​not only ​avoids potential penalties ​but also ​ensures a reliable ​and stable ​power supply.

Cost ​Savings

While ​there is an ​initial cost ​associated with installing ​active harmonic ​filters like SVGs, ​the long-term ​cost savings can ​be substantial. ​Lower energy bills, ​reduced maintenance ​costs, and extended ​equipment lifespans ​all contribute to ​a compelling ​return on investment.

Typical ​Applications of Active ​Harmonic Filters

​Active harmonic filters, ​including SVGs, ​find applications in ​a variety ​of industries and ​facilities where ​power quality and ​efficiency are ​critical. Some typical ​applications include:

 ​Manufacturing Facilities

Manufacturing ​environments often ​have a multitude ​of non-linear ​loads, such as ​variable frequency ​drives, welders, and ​CNC machines. ​These loads are ​known for ​creating harmonics that ​can lead ​to power quality ​issues. Active ​harmonic filters are ​employed to ​ensure stable power ​quality, minimise ​equipment downtime, and ​optimise energy ​usage.

 Data Centres

​Data centres ​are highly sensitive ​to power ​quality disturbances. Any ​disruption in ​power supply can ​lead to ​data loss and ​system failures. ​Active harmonic filters ​are used ​to safeguard against ​voltage distortion ​and ensure the ​continuous operation ​of critical IT ​infrastructure.

 Commercial ​Buildings

In commercial ​buildings, there ​are numerous loads, ​including lighting, ​HVAC systems, and ​elevators, that ​can cause power ​quality problems. ​Active harmonic filters ​help maintain ​power quality, reduce ​energy costs, ​and protect building ​systems.

Renewable ​Energy Systems

As ​renewable energy ​sources like solar ​and wind ​become more prevalent, ​active harmonic ​filters play a ​vital role ​in ensuring the ​quality of ​power generated and ​fed into ​the grid. They ​help regulate ​the output of ​these intermittent ​energy sources, making ​them more ​reliable and efficient.

 ​Large Industrial ​Plants

Large industrial ​plants with ​a wide range ​of machinery ​and processes often ​face challenges ​related to power ​quality. Active ​harmonic filters are ​used to ​manage power factors ​and mitigate ​harmonics, resulting in ​improved efficiency ​and equipment protection.

​ Conclusion

​In a world ​where the ​electricity demand is ​ever-increasing, maintaining ​power quality and ​efficiency is ​of paramount importance. ​The Static ​Var Generator (SVG) ​and other ​active harmonic filters ​play a ​pivotal role in ​achieving these ​objectives. By actively ​managing power ​factors and mitigating ​harmonic distortion, ​these devices enhance ​the reliability ​of electrical systems, ​reduce energy ​costs, and protect ​sensitive equipment.

​The benefits of ​active harmonic ​filters extend across ​various industries, ​from manufacturing and ​data centres ​to commercial buildings ​and renewable ​energy systems. They ​ensure that ​power quality standards ​are met, ​enabling facilities to ​operate smoothly, ​reduce operational costs, ​and contribute ​to a more ​sustainable future.

​As technology continues ​to advance, ​we can expect ​even more ​sophisticated and efficient ​solutions for ​managing power quality ​and mitigating ​harmonics. The SVG ​and its ​counterparts are at ​the forefront ​of these innovations, ​making a ​significant impact on ​the way ​we harness and ​utilise electrical ​power.

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​Power quality is ​one of ​the most important ​factors in ​electrical engineering. Maintaining ​a steady, ​dependable, and high-quality ​electrical energy ​supply is necessary ​to keep ​our contemporary world ​running smoothly. ​We’ll dive into ​the fascinating ​topic of power ​quality in ​this blog article, ​discussing its ​importance, the key ​variables affecting ​it, and practical ​solutions for ​power quality issues.

 The ​Importance of Power ​Quality

 Reliable ​Power Supply

In ​its most ​basic form, power ​quality standards refer ​to the electrical ​power supply’s ​dependability. Maintaining excellent ​power quality ​standards becomes especially ​important in ​a society where ​companies, services, ​and technology all ​depend more ​and more on ​a steady ​supply of electricity. ​Any disruption ​or distortion in ​the power ​supply may result ​in lost ​productivity, monetary damages, ​or even ​possible safety risks.

 ​Economic Impact

​Problems with power ​quality parameters ​can have serious ​economic consequences ​in addition to ​being a ​technical annoyance. Businesses ​run the ​risk of equipment ​damage, lost ​output, and increased ​maintenance expenses ​when they encounter ​power outages ​brought on by ​harmonics, voltage ​sags, or surges. ​For this ​reason, stable and ​growing economies ​are closely associated ​with reliable ​electricity quality.

Impact ​on Electrical ​Equipment

The effect ​of power ​quality standards on ​electrical equipment ​is one of ​the most ​obvious signs of ​its significance. ​Poor power quality ​can cause ​damage or malfunction ​to sensitive ​electronic devices, such ​as computers, ​medical equipment, and ​manufacturing machinery. ​Furthermore, if these ​devices are ​frequently exposed to ​power outages, ​their lifespan may ​be greatly ​shortened.

 Environmental Considerations

​The ecosystem ​may potentially experience ​unforeseen impacts ​as a result ​of poor ​power quality. For ​example, excessive ​power use, which ​is frequently ​caused by problems ​with power ​quality, can result ​in higher ​energy consumption, which ​raises carbon ​emissions and puts ​more demand ​on natural resources.

 ​Public Safety

​Another crucial component ​of electricity ​quality is safety. ​The stakes ​are very high ​in some ​industries, such as ​essential infrastructure ​and healthcare. A ​minor power ​outage can result ​in potentially ​fatal circumstances. Ensuring ​the quality ​and reliability of ​power supply ​is, therefore, a ​fundamental requirement ​in such environments.

 ​ Main ​Factors that Impact ​Power Quality

 ​Voltage Fluctuations

Voltage ​fluctuations, also ​known as sags ​and surges, ​are common culprits ​behind power ​quality issues. Voltage ​sags refer ​to a temporary ​reduction in ​voltage levels, while ​surges indicate ​a sudden increase. ​Both can ​lead to equipment ​damage, reduced ​efficiency, and operational ​disruptions.

 Harmonics

​Harmonics are frequency ​components of ​the electrical waveform ​that are ​integer multiples of ​the fundamental ​frequency. These can ​distort the ​waveform, causing problems ​such as ​overheating of equipment ​and poor ​power factor. Harmonics ​are often ​introduced by non-linear ​loads, such ​as variable speed ​drives and ​electronic devices.

 Transients

​Electrical transients ​are short-duration, high-energy ​disturbances in ​the power supply. ​These can ​be caused by ​lightning strikes, ​switching events, or ​even the ​startup of large ​equipment. Transients ​can damage equipment, ​disrupt operations, ​and, in some ​cases, pose ​fire hazards.

 Frequency ​Variations

Frequency ​variations, or deviations ​from the ​standard 50 or ​60 Hz, ​can disrupt the ​operation of ​certain equipment, particularly ​those reliant ​on precise timing, ​such as ​clocks, some motor ​drives, and ​communication systems.

 Power ​Factor

Power ​factor is a ​measure of ​how effectively electrical ​power is ​converted into useful ​work output. ​A poor power ​factor can ​result in energy ​wastage and ​increased utility costs. ​Power factor ​correction is necessary ​to improve ​the efficiency of ​electrical systems.

 ​Noise

Electrical noise, ​often in ​the form of ​electromagnetic interference ​(EMI) and radio frequency ​interference (RFI), ​can negatively affect ​electronic equipment ​and communication systems. ​Noise can ​disrupt signals, leading ​to data ​errors and degraded ​performance.

How to Solve ​Power Quality ​Problems

Addressing power ​quality issues ​involves a multifaceted ​approach, depending ​on the specific ​problem at ​hand. Here are ​some common ​strategies to solve ​power quality ​problems:

 Voltage Regulation

​Voltage regulation ​involves ensuring that ​the voltage ​levels remain within ​the specified ​tolerances. This can ​be achieved ​using voltage regulators ​and tap ​changers in transformers. ​By stabilising ​voltage, you can ​mitigate voltage ​sags and surges.

​Filtering Harmonics

​To tackle harmonic ​issues, filters ​can be installed ​to reduce ​or eliminate harmonic ​distortion. Passive ​filters, active filters, ​and tuned ​filters are commonly ​used to ​mitigate harmonics, depending ​on the ​application.

 Surge Protection

​Surge protectors, ​such as surge ​suppressors and ​lightning arresters, can ​be deployed ​to safeguard equipment ​from transient ​voltage spikes. These ​devices divert ​excess energy away ​from sensitive ​equipment, preventing damage.

 ​Frequency Control

​Frequency-related problems can ​be mitigated ​by using frequency ​converters and ​specialised equipment. These ​devices help ​maintain the required ​frequency for ​equipment sensitive to ​frequency variations.

 ​Power Factor Correction

​To improve ​power factor, power ​factor correction ​capacitors can be ​installed. These ​capacitors help balance ​the reactive ​power and reduce ​the strain ​on the power ​distribution system.

 ​Noise Suppression

Electrical ​noise can ​be mitigated through ​the use ​of shielding, grounding, ​and filters. ​Isolating sensitive equipment ​and ensuring ​proper grounding can ​minimise the ​impact of noise ​on performance.

​Monitoring and Analytics

​Continuous monitoring ​of power quality ​is essential ​for identifying and ​addressing issues ​promptly. Power quality ​analysers and ​monitoring systems provide ​real-time data, ​enabling engineers to ​take preventive ​or corrective actions.

 ​Education and ​Training

Training employees ​and staff ​on power quality ​best practices ​is crucial. It ​helps create ​awareness and ensures ​that personnel ​know how to ​respond to ​power quality issues ​effectively.

 System ​Redundancy

For critical ​operations, redundancy ​in power supply ​systems can ​be implemented. This ​ensures that ​in the event ​of a ​power quality issue, ​there is ​a backup source ​to keep ​essential systems running.

  Conclusion

​Power quality is ​a critical ​facet of electrical ​engineering that ​directly impacts the ​reliability, efficiency, ​and safety of ​electrical systems. ​It encompasses a ​wide range ​of factors, from ​voltage fluctuations ​and harmonics to ​transients and ​noise, all of ​which can ​disrupt operations, damage ​equipment, and ​result in economic ​losses.

Addressing ​power quality problems ​requires a ​comprehensive approach that ​involves both ​proactive measures and ​reactive responses. ​From voltage regulation ​and harmonic ​filtering to surge ​protection and ​power factor correction, ​there are ​numerous tools and ​techniques available ​to mitigate power ​quality issues.

​As our world ​becomes increasingly ​electrified and dependent ​on technology, ​the significance of ​power quality ​will continue to ​grow. Whether ​in industrial settings, ​healthcare facilities, ​data centres, or ​everyday households, ​reliable and high-quality ​electrical power ​is the lifeblood ​of our ​modern society. Understanding, ​monitoring, and ​addressing power quality ​issues are, ​therefore, fundamental ​tasks for ​electrical engineers and ​anyone responsible ​for electrical systems. ​By doing ​so, we can ​ensure that ​the lights stay ​on, the ​machines keep running, ​and our ​lives remain powered ​by the ​highest standards of quality.

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What is a Solar Combiner Box?

By definition, the solar combiner box is a type of enclosure that joins the wires coming from your solar modules—or strings—into one circuit. In other words, and just as its name implies, it combines the output of the panels into one input for the inverter or charge controller.

The box may also be known by several other names such as solar junction box, PV combiner box, or PV array combiner. Depending on your system and its components, the box can be an AC or DC type: here’s more about that.

Solar AC Combiner Box

This type of PV combiner is built to work with AC inputs, or incoming power that’s in the form of alternating current. It ensures the different voltages do not do combine out of phase, and that the power coming out is safe and smooth.

Solar DC Combiner Box

The solar DC combiner box is meant for use with DC power. It works like the AC type, but comes with features that make is suitable for the direct current application. As such, you can only use it if the power coming from your array has not been converted to AC.

How Does a Solar Combiner Box Work?

You solar string combiner box is an IP-rated enclosure that houses the necessary components needed to consolidate the separate inputs of your solar panels. The power coming from the panels enter the box via openings.

Inside the box, the inputs encounter protective devices that ensure overcurrent and overvoltage situations are taken care of. The power is then routed to a busbar. The bus combines the lines into one, before exiting from the box.

Just like the junction box of a conventional power system, a combiner box for solar power comes with a front access door and a way to mount it to a wall or other surface.

Solar Combiner Box Function

The function of a combiner box for solar panels is just as it sounds, which is to combine their outputs into one circuit. For that, it comes with various entry points for the individual strings, and a busbar that serves to join the circuits together. This is essentially what it does:

• It organizes your wires so they appear neat, professional, and easily identifiable.
• In large installations, these boxes help minimize costs by reducing the amount of labor and cabling required.
• In addition combining the array wires, the box also houses protective devices such as circuit breakers, surge protection devices or disconnects, array monitoring hardware.

PV Combiner Box Components

Inside a solar combiner box are components that help it to safely serve its function, which is consolidate individual string circuits into one. The main components that can be found in a typical box include circuit breakers, fuses, surge protection devices, disconnect switch, and a busbar.

1. DC Circuit Breaker

The circuit breakers help protect the circuits running into the combiner against electrical faults that excessive voltage may cause. Their number and rating depends on the size of your solar system.

2. Solar Fuse

As part of the protection measures, the circuits from your array terminate into a series of fuses for string protection. During a fault, these fuses will blow and cut off the affected circuit. Again, the types of fuses will depend on the size of your panels and strings.

3. Surge Protection Device

An SPD is also one of the most important PV combiner box components. It connects the circuits to ground, and offers protect against electrical surges that may possibly happen.

4. DC Disconnect Switch

This is a switch that you can use to quickly disconnect power whenever needed. The switch can isolate one part of the system, either during an emergency situation or for maintenance purposes.

5. Busbar

This is a mechanical conductor (strip or rail), and whose role is to combine the different circuits into one. It’s essentially located behind the mentioned components where all the wires route to it before reaching the main breaker.

Other components that may be included are: blocking diodes to prevent the back feeding of power, a wireless device to enable power disconnection from a remote location, and equipment that monitor the condition of the array.

Do You Need a Combiner Box for Solar Panels?

If your PV system is composed of more than 3 string connected together, you definitely it to safely group the cables and circuits. This is especially if the modules are connected in parallel and multiplying the amount of current to warrant its safe transmission to the inverter or charge controller.

If using fewer strings or a single string, you can safely combine and protect them at the inverter or charger level, even without the need to route them through a combining box. That being said, it’s crucial that you find the right type of solar array combiner box for your system. This is explained below.

How to Size Solar Combiner Box

When buying a combining box for your system, special attention should be given to the array size. That’s because each box is specially rated for a specific system size. Here’s what you need to know:

• Solar combiner box manufacturers often make boxes that can accommodate 3 strings or more.
• In order to size the box correctly, determine the number of strings in your system, and use that to find the minimum box size
• The box is also sized based on the string voltage and current levels
• You may also want to take into consideration any future upgrades.
• If you intend to add more strings later, consider finding a box that can accommodate additional breakers

Conclusion

The solar combiner box is a plug and play device that comes already pre-configured, which makes it easy to install and use. Available in a range of sizes, the box is also easy to customize for your system. That’s in addition to its many benefits that include protection equipment, cost reduction in terms of labor and cabling, and wire organization.

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What is an AC Contactor

The AC contactor is a type of electrical device that, using a low voltage circuit, can switch high-power systems on and off. It essentially uses an electromagnetic mechanism that, when energized, causes high-energy contacts to close.

AC means the contactor works with an alternating current circuit. This is in contrast with DC contactors that are meant for use with direct current electrical systems. As you can tell, that makes it a common switching device when using the grid to power high-voltage electrical loads.

What Does an AC Contactor Do?

The main AC contactor function is to isolate high energy equipment or systems from their control circuits. That way, the switching action happens safely without damage to the delicate control components.

For example, when used with an electric motor, the switch protects the PLC and its parts against high energy supply that powers the motor. It also allows the operator to safely monitor the motor operation.

AC Contactor Parts

Insides the alternating current contactor are parts that make its working possible. These mainly include the following: coil and its core (electromagnet), power and auxiliary contacts, terminals, and the enclosure or housing.

Contactor Coil

The AC contactor coil is responsible for creating the magnetic field that causes movement and the closing of power contacts. Wound around an E-shaped magnetic core, it receives power from the control circuit.

When energized, the coil generates a magnetic flux. The flux is then amplified by the magnetic core. That, in turn, creates a magnetic force that pulls an armature to close the main contacts. The coil is usually resin bonded to protect it from the effects of moisture and other damage.

Contactor Contacts

These are parts that close or open to switch or break the flow of current, and categorized as either static or moving. Moving contacts attach to the armature and move when the coil is energized. Static contacts remain stationary.

There’s also usually an auxiliary contact included. This serves as the feedback contact. Its function is to help the control hardware monitor the contactor’s health and working. In other words, it ensures the switching action happens as required.

Contactor Terminals

Your AC contactor switch comes with terminals or connection points where you attach the wires that will go into it. These are usually labeled to make them identifiable based on their function. A typical contactor of this will have these terminals:

• A1 and A2: to connect the power supply, also called coil terminals.
• LI, L2, and L3: you connect the high power supply to these terminals.
• T1, T2, and T3: here is where you connect the device that’s being powered.

Contactor Housing

The housing is the contactor’s enclosure. It forms the protective covering that shields the mentioned parts, and must be strong enough to prevent damage.

Since the device works with high voltages and high currents, the housing is also made using an insulating material and securely sealed. This is commonly nylon 6, thermosetting plastic, polycarbonate, and other similar materials.

How Does an AC Contactor Work?

The AC contactor working principle is based on the action of an electromagnet, or the magnetic flux that a coil creates when it conducts current. This allows the device to be used as a mechanical switch that turns heavy-duty circuits to the on or off position.

AC Contactor Working

Now that we understand its principle of operation, here are the contactor’s working steps in more detail, from when the power button is pressed to when it disconnects the high energy circuit.

• To energize the contactor, a button is pressed. This sends power to the coil.
• The coil energizes, creating a field that magnetizes the core.
• The magnetized core attracts an armature.
• The armature is connected to a set of moving contacts.
• Its movement causes the moving and stationary contacts to come together
• The connection closes a high-energy circuit
• A high-energy device or system receives power and starts working.
• When the current to the contactor is switched off, the opposite happens.
• The closed contacts open, and the device or system that was being powered stops working.

Can AC Contactor be Used for DC?

Although you could, it’s not advisable to practically use AC contactors in electrical systems that use direct current. AC based contactors are specifically rated for alternating currents, and do not require elaborate arc extinguishing features since the AC current does that.

Their contacts and coil are not rated for DC currents either, and are mostly rated higher than those of direct current contactors. With these differences in mind, you can expect a contactor that is meant for AC not to work properly in a direct current or DC system. It could even cause safety concerns or get damaged.

DC Contactor vs. AC Contactor

AC contactors operate with AC electrical systems, while DC contactors are used in DC systems. This is the main feature that distinguishes the two types of devices. Other differences between the two types of the device include the following;

• Since it operates using alternating current, the AC based contactor is prone to energy losses by Eddy currents. In order to prevent that, its core is normally shaped like an E and composed of single steel sheets,
• On the other hand, the DC contactor core is a solid U shaped electromagnet. That’s because no eddy currents are generated when the device is in use.
• An AC electrical contactor can naturally extinguish arcs and doesn’t require a pronounced mechanism for arc suppression.
• In contrast, the DC type has an elaborate arc extinguishing components consisting of a blowout coil and arc chute.
• Direct current contactors are also usually rated lower for similarly sized contactors of the AC type, both in terms of voltage and current.

Conclusion

The AC contactor is the most common type of contactor, seeing that may high voltage equipment and systems use AC power. As we have seen, it features an electromagnetic mechanism to work, which makes it rugged and reliable. These devices are mostly used to turn on and control the running or large motors, fans, and any high energy system such as those used in large lighting and industrial circuits.

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What is a Solar Panel?

The solar panel is a photovoltaic device surface and that can generate an electrical voltage and current using the sun’s rays. You’ll often see it adorning the rooftops of homes, businesses, or placed close to the ground in solar farms.

When solar panels are strung together in a PV system, they are commonly called a solar array and either connected in series or parallel. Most often, an array is what you use to power your home or business. Single panels, on the other hand, are typically used to run single and low power devices.

What are Solar Panels Made Of?

The main parts of a solar panel are: tempered glass top, encapsulation, solar cells layer, frame, back sheet, frame, and the junction box. Here’s more about them.

• Glass top: this part is made of strong glass and an antireflection layer. It provides protection while also reducing the amount of reflections.
• Encapsulation: a layer of protection, usually plastic, that shields the power generating cells.
• Solar cells: this is here electricity generation takes place.
• Back sheet: the solar panel back sheet offers both protection and electrical insulation.
• Frame: made using aluminum to make it lightweight, the solar panel frame is meant to offer the structural strength it needs to stay together.
• Junction box: contains the connectors and cabling that help connect the panel other panels and circuits.

Types of Solar Panels

Solar panel manufacturers use various technologies to make the device. This gives rise to different types of panels with different characteristics. The types of solar panel that you can obtain today include the following: mono-crystalline solar panel, polycrystalline solar panel, thin film solar panel, and PERC solar panel.

Monocrystalline Panel

The mono-crystalline solar panel is named so for using single, pure silicon crystals in its energy generation cells. For that reason, these types of solar panels are characterized by a black or dark color and octagonal cells.

The mono-crystalline panel is the most basic of all solar panel types. It’s also quite efficient, converting more sunlight into power than the polycrystalline type discussed below. However, it presents a bigger challenge to make—and costs more.

Polycrystalline Panel

The polycrystalline solar panel, as its name directly implies, feature many silicon crystals in a single cell. Even though that makes them easier to manufacture, these types of PV panels are less efficient, meaning they convert less sunlight to electricity than the mono crystalline type.

The polycrystalline solar panel is also less expensive, seeing that it’s easier to produce. In terms of application, it suits less demanding situations where affordability is more appealing than higher energy generation efficiency. You can identify polycrystalline panels by their characteristic blue color.

Thin Film Panel

The thin film solar panel is made by depositing a layer (or multiple layers) of a photovoltaic material onto a surface. The surface can be glass, plastic, or metal. On the other hand, different materials may be used for the photo sensitive layer, giving rise to different subtypes of the panel that include:

• Amorphous silicon solar panel
• Cadmium telluride solar panels
• Copper indium gallium selenide

Compared to the mono and polycrystalline types, the thin film panel is the less efficient option. As you can guess, it’s also the most affordable. That’s in addition to being lightweight and available as a flexible panel that you can use in unique applications.

PERC Panel

PERC means Passivated Emitter and Rear Cell. These types of solar panels basically feature a layer underneath them, or on the back side, which also makes them go by the name “rear cells”. This layer serves to reflect back the amount of light that would otherwise go through a typical panel.

Because of the added rear layer, the PERC solar panel is more efficient. Normally, the reflective layer is added to the mono-crystalline panel, increasing its energy generation efficiency to even higher levels. This type of panels is mostly used in commercial power generation systems.

How do Solar Panels Work?

Solar panel operation is typically based on the principle of photo-excitation. This is where light energy packets (called photons) excite and dislodge electrons from the atoms of a material. In a solar panel, this causes an electric current to flow. Most panels today are constructed using silicon, so that’s what well illustrates how solar panels work.

• A typical solar panel is made up of single power generating units (called cells) connected together. Each cell is composed of two thin, silicon layers.
• One layer (and which forms the topside) is a P type semiconductor made by doping it with phosphorus.
• The other side is the doped with boron to make it deficient of electrons and named N type semiconductor.
• The P layer has an excess of electrons, which makes it negatively charged.
• The N layer contains empty spaces for electrons. These are called holes.
• When joined together, the two layers form what’s called a PN junction.
• This junction creates an electric field that can only allow electrons to flow in one direction.

Work Step by Step

Let’s now see how a solar panel works, step by step. This will give you an idea of what happens from when the sun shines on the panel to when your electric load power up.

• When sunlight hits the solar panel surface, it knocks electrons off of the silicon atoms.
• The knocked electrons are now free to move.
• However, because of the electric field that exists in the PN junction, these electrons cannot travel through the silicon layers.
• When an external circuit connected to the panel (load), the free electrons can now find a path to flow in.
• The electrons will then flow through the load via several conductors placed at each cell.
• This creates what’s called an electric current

The solar panel working produces what’s called direct current DC. This can only be used by a few devices. To make it more usable, the current is changed to AC or alternating current. This requires the use of a device known as the solar inverter.

How Do Solar Panels Work At Night?

Can solar panels work at night? Let’s see. At night, the sun is not shining. Since the panels depend on light energy to work, it means three are no electrons that are being released and no electricity is flowing in the external circuit. At this time, the panel cannot power your load or charge a storage system.

Note that the amount of electricity being produced by your solar electricity panels is directly proportional to the amount of light falling on its cells. At dusk, this amount falls considerably until the early morning when generation gradually increases.

Solar Panel Uses

With ability to produce current from sunlight, solar panels can be used to power virtually anything that uses electricity, provided the amount of power being generated by the panel is within the power consumption rate of the device in question. Typical uses of a solar panel include the following.

• In homes, solar panels are used to power anything from lights and kitchen appliances to HVAC systems and virtually any type of electrical device.
• Businesses may also install solar power generating panels to power various loads.
• Large solar farms use large panels to generate electricity for distribution to customers.
• Solar panels are today being used to provide power at EV charging stations
• Some electronic products are equipped with mini solar panels to power them. These include calculators, radios, and so on.
• Solar power panels are normally installed on space vehicles to help generate electricity while up there in space.

Conclusion

The solar panel, which is also called photovoltaic module, is a common device in the modern world. It allows the generation of clean energy, in addition to providing for a less costly way to produce power. With the world moving toward greener sources of electricity, solar panels are becoming even more popular, with their use being seen both in homes and businesses.

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What is Off Grid Inverter?

In simple terms, an off grid inverter is a type of inverter that works without connecting to the grid. Put another way, it’s an inverter that you use in a stand-alone energy system and that works with a DC power generation or storage system to ensure a constant supply of electricity.

Off Grid Inverter Meaning

Off grid means not connected to the mains power of a utility company’s system. The off the grid inverter is, therefore, the opposite of a grid tie inverter that takes excess power to the main power system, or can draw power from it.

On Grid vs. Off Grid Inverter

The main difference between an on grid and off grid inverter is seen in the way they work in an energy system. Whereas on grid inverters can feed to or draw power from the grid, the off grid type cannot. Instead, its use typically involves power generation and storage systems.

The off grid inverter setup is best suited for remote areas, while grid tie inverters are best used in urban places where grid power is readily available. Additionally, grid tied inverters are mostly used without storage, since they can draw electricity from the mains power system.

How to Off Grid Inverters Work?

An off grid power inverter works like any other type of inverter, converting DC electricity into AC, and ensuring that your DC energy system can power your AC loads. The only difference is that it works independently of the grid. So it comes with fewer features and connections than inverters that are designed to connect the grid.

That being said, you can use your off grid inverter system with or without a storage system. It’s also common practice to include a generator when using the inverter with storage batteries. The generator then acts as backup should the main sources fail, such as when using solar in overcast weather.

Off Grid Inverter with Battery Backup

This is the most popular way of using an off the grid inverter. In this system, the inverter converts the energy stored in the batteries to AC, while the main source supplies the energy to be stored. This is what happens when using an off grid solar inverter with battery storage:

• During the day when the sun is shining, the panels generate current.
• The charging system uses this current to juice up the solar battery or batteries.
• The inverter, on the other hand, draws DC current from the batteries
• Using inbuilt circuits and electronic components, it, converts the power into usable AC current.
• This arrangement ensures your home or business is constantly powered, even at night when there’s no sunshine, or during times when the weather is overcast.

Off Grid Inverter without Battery

If you intend to use your inverter to power intermittent loads, such as your home’s water pump or irrigation system, a storage system may not be necessary. For example, you only need power during the day if using solar power to irrigate crops or water your lawn. Here’s how an off grid solar inverter without battery backup works:

• When the sun is shining, the panels are continually generating energy
• The inverter takes this energy, which is in the form of DC, and converts it into AC.
• The AC current powers your intermittent load or loads.
• At night, the inverter remains inactive.
• During the day the cycle repeats itself.

Off Grid Inverter with Generator Backup

You can use the off grid inverter with a portable DC generator, or include it in a solar system as a backup power source. Using the off-grid inverter with generator backup makes your energy generation system more reliable when it comes to powering your home or business.

In this setup, the panels generate power to charge a storage system while the inverter converts the DC power from the battery into current electricity for your AC loads. The generator then only comes in when the power generated by your panels is too low, such as in bad weather, or when your storage is depleted.

Off Grid Inverter Sizing

Off grid inverter manufacturers make the product in different ratings. When buying one, therefore, it helps to know how to size it correctly. This is a critical factor when it comes to its reliability and the efficiency of your energy system. The steps below should help you find the best off grid inverter based on your power needs.

1. Add the watt ratings of your equipment or loads to find total power consumption. This is the approximate continuous power rating that you need your inverter rated for. An example calculation is given below:

• 1 TV x 120 watts = 120 watts
• 5 light bulbs x 20 watts = 100 watts
• 2 cell phones x 20 watts = 40 watts
• 1 laptop x 100 watts =100 watts
• Total watts = 360 watts

2. Since no inverter can output power at 100% efficiency, divide your total consumption by its estimated efficiency, or what’s called power factor. This is typically between 70% and 80%. Assuming 80% efficiency, we now get 360 watts ÷ 0.80 = 480 watts for your off grid power inverter.

3. Note that if any of your loads require a starting current (AC, refrigerator, etc.), you’ll need to size your off grid inverter that as well. This is normally 3-5 times higher than the normal or continuous wattage we calculated earlier.

4. Finally, industry standards require you to choose an inverter that’s rated 20%-25% higher than your power consumption needs. This applies to both continuous and peak current ratings.

Conclusion

The off grid inverter is meant for energy generation systems that do not connect to the grid, such as stand-alone solar systems. Often best used with storage batteries, this type of inverter is most popular in remote areas, or anywhere where the grid power is not available, such as campsites. It’s also simple to use, in addition to being compatible with different energy setups.

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